RESUMEN
Abstract The protoanemonin, a natural furanone, was synthesized from (Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-furan-2(5H)-one by a reductive dehalogenation reaction with zinc. The 5-(dibromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone and (E)-5-(bromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone were also synthetized from levulinic acid bromination and acid promoted cyclization. The antiproliferative activity of all synthesized compounds against the human cancer cell lines PC-3 (prostate) and U-251 (glioblastoma) was investigated. The results showed that all the obtained furanones are more active than the reference drug cisplatin, with iC50 values in the range of 0.31 ± 0.02 to 7.30 ± 0.08 µM. However, (E)-5-(bromomethylene)-2(5H)-furanone, with a bromine atom in the double bond, was the most active, and demonstrated to be about 25-fold more active than the reference drug cisplatin.
Resumen La protoanemonina, una furanona de origen natural, fue sintetizada a partir de la (Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromometilen)-furan-2(5H)-ona mediante una deshalogenación reductiva con zinc. La 5-(dibromometilen)-2(5H)-furanona y la (E)-5-(bromometilen)-2(5H)-furanona también fueron sintetizadas a partir del ácido levulínico mediante bromación y posterior ciclación promovida por ácido. Se investigó la actividad antiproliferativa de todos los compuestos sintetizados en las líneas celulares de cáncer humano PC-3 (próstata) y U-251 (glioblastoma). Los resultados demostraron que todas las furanonas obtenidas son más activas que el fármaco de referencia cisplatino, con un intervalo de Ci50 de 0,31 ± 0,02 hasta 7,30 ± 0,08 µM. Sin embargo, la (E)-5-(bromometilen)-2(5H)-furanona, con un átomo de bromo en el doble enlace, demostró ser 25 veces más activa que el fármaco de referencia cisplatino.
Resumo Protoanemonina, uma furanona natural, foi sintetizada de (Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromometileno)-furan-2(5H)-ona por desalógenação redutora do zinco. Também foram sintetizados 5-(Dibromometileno)-2(5H)-furanona e (E)-5-(Bromometileno)-2(5H)-furanona a partir da brominação com ácido levulínico e ciclização promovida por ácido. Foi investigada a atividade antiproliferativa de todos os compostos sintetizados nas linhas celulares humanas de câncer PC-3 (próstata) e U-251 (glioblastoma). Os resultados mostram que todos os furanonas obtidos são mais ativos que a cisplatina do medicamento de referência, com intervalo Ci50 de 0,31 ± 0,02 até 7,30 ± 0,08 µM. Entretanto, a mais ativa foi a (E)-5-(Bromometileno)-2(5H)-furanona, que com um átomo de bromo na dupla ligação exocíclica, provou ser 25 vezes mais ativa que a medicamento de referência cisplatina.
RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In Romanian folk medicine, Helleborus niger L. is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or viral infections and in complementary therapy, especially in anthroposophic medicine (AM), where the plant is administered as an adjuvant to treat malignant diseases. In the present study, we investigated the differential cytotoxic effects of H. niger on human tumour and healthy cells of the human immune system in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Protoanemonin and saponins, as significant constituents of H. niger extracts, were quantified in five individual batches using validated HPLC methods. Further, the impact of H. niger on proliferation capacity (MTT assay) as well as on apoptosis and necrosis induction in a panel of tumour cell lines and human lymphocytes (combined annexin V and propidium iodide staining) was monitored. In addition, NK cell function (degranulation-CD107a assay and IFN-gamma secretion) was also investigated since these immunocompetent cells are important for the control of malignancies within the human body. RESULTS: Extracts of H. niger induced proliferation inhibition not only of lymphoblastic leukaemia cells (MOLT4; IC50: 171 µg/mL) but also of myosarcoma (SK-UT-1b; IC50: 304 µg/mL) and melanoma cells (HT-144; IC50: 569 µg/mL) due to the induction of apoptosis. Purified T cells or NK cells were significantly affected through the presence of high H. niger concentrations while bulk lymphocytes were not affected. NK cells' anti-tumour functions expressed by degranulation capacity as well as IFN-y production were unaffected by the presence of the H. niger extract. Since protoanemonin and saponins have been reported in the literature to exert cytotoxic effects, their content was also determined. CONCLUSIONS: H. niger extracts exhibit differential cytotoxicity towards tumour cell lines and healthy human T- and NK-cells.
